Instituto Archeros de Borgoña
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1812 Republic of East Florida
THE "PRESIDIAL SOLDIERS", "cuera" dragoons, were troops created by the Spanish Empire to defend the border of what is now the United States. They occupied the presidios of New Spain. Their name derived from the cuera, a long, sleeveless coat made of up to seven layers of leather, highly resistant to enemy Indian arrows, which they wore for protection. At first, they were worn only by officers, but their use spread to all troops, eventually becoming part of the standard-issue uniform. The "cuera" dragoons differed from the regular  army in their recruitment and equipment. 
Cuera Soldiers
ON MARCH 3, 1943, a serious incident occurred that could have had dire consequences, when the Heinkel 112B-2 with number 5-66, of the 1st Squadron of the 27th Fighter Group based in Tauima-Nador, piloted by Lieutenant Miguel Entrena Klett, shot down a United States P-38 Lighting over the skies of Morocco. The Muluya River air combat was a serious incident. It has been widely discussed, although contrary to what has sometimes been said, the incident could have had more serious consequences, although other Allied aircraft were interned for having landed on our territory.
1943: In the skies of Morocco
EDGE & CLEAVER
The battle of Acoma was a punitive expedition by Spanish conquistadors against the Keres (Acoma people) in January 1599, and was the result of a battle between Spanish colonists and Native Americans of the Keres Nation, in what is now New Mexico, in retaliation for the killing of 12 Spanish soldiers the previous year, resulting in the deaths of approximately 500 men and 300 women and children after a three-day battle. Of the Keres who survived the attack, many were sentenced to 20 years of slavery, and 24 suffered amputations. Even today, the outcome of this battle and its brutal consequences remain a subject of controversy between current members of the Pueblo nation and the authorities and administration of the State of New Mexico.
The fight for Acoma
The first subnational entity created over the entire territory was the Province of the Californias within the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1769, established by Gaspar de Portolá with its capital in San Diego on July 16 of the same year. It remained intact until the division of the province by its vast territory on January 31, 1804, creating the provinces of Alta California and Baja California. Throughout the period of Spanish control of the province, which extended until 1822, a small military force, consisting of Cuera (presidential) soldiers, some Catalan volunteers, artillerymen, and occasional reinforcement troops from Mexico, maintained control of an immense area with a minimal military presence, who had to protect missions, towns and ranches from attacks by the natives and the often hostile presence of ships from other nations.
The Royal Army of California
October 2026
July 2026
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Unidades militares españolas en la Guerra Civil Americana (ACW) Desde su nacimiento, la vecindad entre los Estados Unidos y España motivó que, al ser absorbidos por la nueva gran nación territorios españoles, proceso que comenzó en el inmenso territorio de Luisiana en 1804, y que continuó en los años siguientes en las Floridas, un pequeño número de residentes españoles se vieron integrados en el que iba a ser su nuevo país, donde en algunas zonas mantuvieron comunidades que, al comenzar la Guerra Civil, en 1861, aún tenían cierta cohesión y conciencia de su identidad.
1898: Enigmas sin resolver La Guerra de 1898 es uno de los momentos trascendentales de la historia de España pero, en las tres últimas décadas, se ha iniciado una revisión en profundidad de todo lo que, desde hace generaciones, se ha contado al pueblo español sobre este trascendental conflicto que supuso la liquidación del Imperio Español, y hoy en día podemos afirmar rotundamente que es necesario acabar con las falsedades y mentiras que han impedido que se sepa la trágica verdad. Respecto a Estados Unidos, la narrativa que se presentó al público fue una construcción mediática diseñada para justificar la intervención y los intereses geopolíticos y económicos emergentes de Estados Unidos como potencia mundial..
Vecinos de lobos: Estados Unidos contra España (1791-1821) Sobre el papel la Paz de Paris de 1783 fue muy beneficiosa para España, pero en realidad colocó a nuestra nación ante un enorme desafío, la necesidad de defender una enorme frontera que se extendía desde la frontera de Georgia con Florida hasta los territorios despoblados del Misuri y las Dakotas. Lo que ocurrió en los años siguientes ya había sido imaginado por visionarios como el conde de Aranda, y es que, bien pronto, comerciantes y mercaderes, tramperos, colonos y especuladores de tierras comenzaron a presionar y amenazar los asentamientos españoles y a cuestionar los límites fronterizos.
SINCE PONCE DE LEON´S ARRIVAL on the shores of Florida, the name given to a territory of indeterminate size much larger than present-day Florida, navigators, explorers, adventurers, religious leaders, and soldiers, expanded their knowledge of the vast territory that today constitutes the United States. Spain built forts, missions, and ranches, and also founded towns and cities. Until 1898, Spain and the United States were neighbors, as Cuba's coast is 90 miles from the Florida Keys. For decades, the border between the two nations was subject to tension and bitter diplomatic and political disputes that did not end until the assignment of St. Augustine and Pensacola in the summer of 1821 as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.
RELATIONS BETWEEN Spain and the United States were very complex from the beginning, not only due to their proximity and the existence of a long shared border, but also due to the constant pressure from Anglo-Saxon settlers, land speculators, and adventurers, who constantly pushed to break established boundaries. Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that for 300 years, Spain had a real and solid presence in a large part of the territory that now forms part of the United States. Our project includes highly sophisticated and innovative work on the relationship between both nations in some of the most important events in their respective histories.
Los trabajos de investigación avanzada del proyecto «Edge & Cleaver»
THE REPUBLIC OF EAST FLORIDA, also known as the Republic of Florida or the Territory of East Florida, was a putative republic declared by insurgents against the Spanish rule of East Florida, most of whom were from Georgia. John Houstoun McIntosh was chosen as "Director" of the self-named "Patriots" in March, 1812, to receive formal Spanish capitulation at Amelia Island. In July, while under the occupation of U.S. forces, the "Patriots"  created a constitution of government that provided for an executive office, a legislative council, and a court system. 
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